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Applications of atomic force microscopy in immunology

Jiping Li, Yuying Liu, Yidong Yuan, Bo Huang

《医学前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期页码 43-52 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0769-6

摘要： Cellular mechanics, a major regulating factor of cellular architecture and biological functions, responds to intrinsic stresses and extrinsic forces exerted by other cells and the extracellular matrix in the microenvironment. Cellular mechanics also acts as a fundamental mediator in complicated immune responses, such as cell migration, immune cell activation, and pathogen clearance. The principle of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and its three running modes are introduced for the mechanical characterization of living cells. The peak force tapping mode provides the most delicate and desirable virtues to collect high-resolution images of morphology and force curves. For a concrete description of AFM capabilities, three AFM applications are discussed. These applications include the dynamic progress of a neutrophil-extracellular-trap release by neutrophils, the immunological functions of macrophages, and the membrane pore formation mediated by perforin, streptolysin O, gasdermin D, or membrane attack complex.

关键词： cellular mechanics atomic force microscopy neutrophil extracellular trap macrophage phagocytosis pore formation

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Shape and topology optimization for tailoring the ratio between two flexural eigenfrequencies of atomicforce microscopy cantilever probe

Qi XIA,Tao ZHOU,Michael Yu WANG,Tielin SHI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第9卷第1期页码 50-57 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0286-x

摘要：

In an operation mode of atomic force microscopy that uses a higher eigenmode to determine the physical properties of material surface, the ratio between the eigenfrequency of a higher flexural eigenmode and that of the first flexural eigenmode was identified as an important parameter that affects the sensitivity and accessibility. Structure features such as cut-out are often used to tune the ratio of eigenfrequencies and to enhance the performance. However, there lacks a systematic and automatic method for tailoring the ratio. In order to deal with this issue, a shape and topology optimization problem is formulated, where the ratio between two eigenfrequencies is defined as a constraint and the area of the cantilever is maximized. The optimization problem is solved via the level set based method.

关键词： atomic force microscopy cantilever probe eigenfrequency optimization

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Atomic force microscopy study on the microtopography of natural organic matter and newly formed hydrous

GUO Jin, MA Jun, SHI Xuehua

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第2期页码 251-256 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0043-z

摘要： To understand the water purification mechanism of potassium permanganate as a coagulation-aid during the preoxidation process, the microtopography of its reductive products, the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide and the aged hydrous manganese dioxide, was investigated. The morphology of natural organic matter (NOM) adsorbed by the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was also compared with that of NOM alone. By using the tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM), the observation results show that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide possess a perforated sheet (with a thickness of 0 1.75 nm) as well as some spherical particle structures compared with the hydrous manganese dioxide with 2 h aging time, which demonstrated that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide had a large surface area and adsorption capacity. When 1 mmol/L newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was added, the microtopography of NOM molecules shifted from a loosely dispersed pancake shape (with adsorption height of 5 8.5 nm) to a densely dispersed and uniform spherical structure. These results provide a valid proof that it is the perfect adsorption capability of the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide that might result in the coagulation aid effect of potassium permanganate preoxidation.

关键词： spherical microtopography potassium permanganate uniform spherical morphology

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Review: Tip-based vibrational spectroscopy for nanoscale analysis of emerging energy materials

Amun JARZEMBSKI, Cedric SHASKEY, Keunhan PARK

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 43-71 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0524-8

摘要： Vibrational spectroscopy is one of the key instrumentations that provide non-invasive investigation of structural and chemical composition for both organic and inorganic materials. However, diffraction of light fundamentally limits the spatial resolution of far-field vibrational spectroscopy to roughly half the wavelength. In this article, we thoroughly review the integration of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with vibrational spectroscopy to enable the nanoscale characterization of emerging energy materials, which has not been possible with far-field optical techniques. The discussed methods utilize the AFM tip as a nanoscopic tool to extract spatially resolved electronic or molecular vibrational resonance spectra of a sample illuminated by a visible or infrared (IR) light source. The absorption of light by electrons or individual functional groups within molecules leads to changes in the sample’s thermal response, optical scattering, and atomic force interactions, all of which can be readily probed by an AFM tip. For example, photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) spectroscopy methods measure a sample’s local thermal expansion or temperature rise. Therefore, they use the AFM tip as a thermal detector to directly relate absorbed IR light to the thermal response of a sample. Optical scattering methods based on scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) correlate the spectrum of scattered near-field light with molecular vibrational modes. More recently, photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) has been developed to measure the change of the optical force gradient due to the light absorption by molecular vibrational resonances using AFM’s superb sensitivity in detecting tip-sample force interactions. Such recent efforts successfully breech the diffraction limit of light to provide nanoscale spatial resolution of vibrational spectroscopy, which will become a critical technique for characterizing novel energy materials.

关键词： vibrational spectroscopy atomic force microscopy photo-thermal induced resonance scanning near-field optical microscopy tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy photo-induced force microscopy molecular resonances surface phonon polaritons energy materials

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木质素磺酸盐/二氧化硅无机颗粒体系中的原子力显微镜力学测试——从分散机理研究到产品设计 Article

王静禹, 钱勇, 周义杰, 杨东杰, 邱学青

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第8期页码 1140-1148 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.07.004

摘要：

设计和制备高性能木质素基分散剂是实现木质素工程化高值利用的关键。这一过程很大程度上取决于对木质素基分散剂分散机理的理解。本文通过原子力显微镜（AFM）量化研究了木质素磺酸盐/二氧化硅（LS/SiO₂）体系在不同pH条件下的分散机理。结果表明，SiO₂颗粒之间在LS溶液中比在水中有更强的排斥力，因此具有更好的分散稳定性。分别使用Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO)理论以及结合空间位阻排斥力的DLVO理论方程对水中和LS溶液中的SiO₂探针与基材之间的AFM力/距离曲线（F/D）进行拟合。基于拟合结果，分别计算出静电排斥力和空间位阻排斥力，证明LS在SiO₂粒子之间提供了较强的空间位阻排斥力。进一步研究证明，LS在SiO₂上的吸附量（Q）、归一化作用常数（A）和特征长度（L）是影响LS/SiO₂体系空间位阻排斥力的三个关键因素。基于上述研究，设计并制备了新型季铵化接枝磺化木质素基分散剂（QAGSL）。QAGSL对SiO₂和真实水泥颗粒均具有良好的分散性能。相关研究既为LS/无机颗粒体系中的分散机理提供了基础和定量的理解，也为高性能木质素基分散剂的开发提供了重要的技术指导。

关键词：木质素二氧化硅原子力显微镜分散机理产品设计

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Investigation of nanostructure of konjac-based water absorbents with atomic force microscopy

Shengrong GENG, Ruotai LIN, Mingli CHEN, Shaoyang LIU, Yifen WANG,

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第4期页码 357-362 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0245-y

摘要： Atomic force microscopy technology is gradually spreading to almost all aspects, including food science and technology, since it was first invented in 1986. In this study, this powerful instrument was applied to image nanostructures of three water absorbents—original konjac powder, konjac powder grafted with acrylic acid using Co γ-irradiation and regenerated grafted powder. Water absorption capacities and the rates of the three absorbents were also determined in this work. Original konjac powder could only absorb 60 times (w/w) of water, while 270 times for the grafted absorbent and 360 times for the regenerated absorbent. The initial water absorption rates in both tap and distilled water were high, but the rate decreased steeply as time elapsed. After 20min, the absorbent was close to saturated status. These physical properties were in accordance with the nanostructures of these three water absorbents.

关键词： regenerated grafted -irradiation grafted grafted absorbent accordance

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Insight into the role of cholesterol in modulation of morphology and mechanical properties of CHO-K1 cells: An in situ AFM study

Lei Zhang, Lisha Zhao, Ping-Kai Ouyang, Pu Chen

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期页码 98-107 doi: 10.1007/s11705-018-1775-y

摘要：

Cholesterol plays a significant role in the organization of lipids and modulation of membrane dynamics in mammalian cells. However, the effect of cholesterol depletion on the eukaryotic cell membranes seems controversial. In this study, the effects of cholesterol on the topography and mechanical behaviors of CHO-K1 cells with manipulated membrane cholesterol contents were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. Here, we found that the depletion of cholesterol in cell membranes could increase the membrane stiffness, reduce the cell height as well as promote cell retraction and detachment from the surface, whereas the cholesterol restoration could reverse the effect of cholesterol depletion on the membrane stiffness. Increased methyl-β-cyclodextrin levels and incubation time could significantly increase Young’s modulus and degree of stiffing on cell membrane and cytoskeleton. This research demonstratede importance of cholesterol in regulating the dynamics of cytoskeleton-mediated processes. AFM technique offers excellent advantages in the dynamic monitoring of the change in membranes mechanical properties and behaviors during the imaging process. This promising technology can be utilized in studying the membrane properties and elucidating the underlying mechanism of distinct cells in the near-native environment.

关键词： cholesterol methyl-β-cyclodextrin atomic force microscopy Young’s modulus CHO-K1 cell

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The investigation of fly ash based asphalt binders using atomic force microscope

Rajan SAHA, Kyle MALLOY, Emil BAUTISTA, Konstantin SOBOLEV

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第4期页码 380-387 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0437-3

摘要： Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a relatively new technique for investigation of construction materials. In this study AFM was used to investigate the interaction of asphalt binder with fly ash. Fly ash is a coal combustion byproduct of electric power utilities having pozzolanic properties and commonly used in Portland cement concrete. In this study, an investigation was made by using different types of fly ash with two types of asphalt binders such as PG 58-28 and PG 64-28. Asphalt microstructure is divided into four subgroups such as Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltenes (SARA). These four phases can be distinguished by the atomic force microscope. The interaction of these phases affected by introducing fly-ash was investigated and correlation with rheological properties was observed.

关键词： AFM fly ash bee rheology asphalt

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蘸水笔刻蚀技术（DPN）的机理与进展

蒋洪奎,姚汤伟,胡礼广,沈亚强,虞献文

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第7期页码 173-179

摘要：

蘸水笔刻蚀（dip-pen nanolithography ，DPN）技术是近年来发展起来的基于原子力显微镜（AFM）的一种扫描探针加工技术，有着广泛的应用前景。蘸水笔技术的刻蚀过程包括AFM 针尖对墨水分子的吸附、针尖与基底间弯月液桥的形成、墨水分子在液桥中的传输、墨水分子在基底的扩散等四个阶段，并受温度、湿度、针尖、扫描速度等多种因素的影响。文章具体分析了蘸水笔技术在不同阶段的作用机理，综合介绍了蘸水笔刻蚀技术在近年来的进展，包括电化学DPN 技术、DPN 的多种加工模式、DPN 的复合加工及多探针的DPN 加工等；分析了DPN的加工特点及其应用。

关键词：蘸水笔纳米刻蚀原子力显微镜纳米加工

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工程过程中分子间和表面间相互作用 Review

张嘉文, 曾宏波

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第1期页码 63-83 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.017

摘要：

在复杂流体中，化学试剂、固体颗粒、气泡、液滴和固体表面间的相互作用在许多工程过程中起着至关重要的作用，如泡沫浮选、乳液和泡沫形成、吸附、污垢、防污现象等。这些在分子、纳米和微观尺度上的相互作用显著地影响并决定了相关工程过程的宏观性能和效率。理解工程过程中的分子间和表面间相互作用具有基础和实际意义，这不仅改善了生产技术，而且为新材料的开发提供了有价值的见解。本文首先介绍了各种工程过程中涉及的典型分子间和表面间相互作用，包括Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek（DLVO）相互作用（即范德华相互作用和双电层相互作用）和非DLVO相互作用（如空间位阻和疏水相互作用）。本文简要介绍了用于测量复杂流体中分子间和表面间相互作用力的原子力显微镜和表面力仪等纳米力学技术；综述了近年来我们对矿物浮选、石油工程、废水处理、储能材料这些工程体系中分子间和表面间相互作用的研究进展；讨论了这些基本相互作用机制与解决工程挑战中的实际应用之间的相关性，并对未来的研究领域进行前景展望。

关键词：分子间和表面间相互作用胶体乳液界面科学工程过程原子力显微镜表面力仪

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基于AFM探针的纳米加工技术制备周期性纳米结构——沟槽和材料堆积形貌相结合 Article

耿延泉, 闫永达, 王继强, Emmanuel Brousseau, 孙彦文, 孙雅洲

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第6期页码 787-795 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.09.010

摘要：

本文提出了一种基于原子力显微镜（AFM）探针的加工技术制备周期性纳米结构的方法，该方法通过将加工得到的沟槽形貌和沟槽边缘的材料堆积形貌相结合得到周期性纳米结构。研究发现控制相邻沟槽的间距是保证周期性纳米结构质量的重要因素。实验结果表明，当相邻刻划轨迹间的进给量值等于单个沟槽两侧材料堆积峰值间的宽度时，可以通过本方法加工得到较高质量的周期性结构。加工得到的纳米结构周期性可以通过一维和二维快速傅里叶变换（FFT）算法进行评价。在检测得到周期结构的AFM 图像中，取其截面进行FFT并将幅频特性曲线归一化，在幅频特性曲线中用峰值部分面积与总体面积的比值来定量分析纳米结构的周期性。最后，对加工得到的周期性纳米结构产生的颜色化效应进行了研究，证明了其在防伪以及金属传感等领域有潜在的应用价值。

关键词：原子力显微镜纳米加工周期性纳米结构单晶铜

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基于磁驱动正交悬臂探针的三维原子力显微镜技术开发 Article

张号, 耿俊媛, 高海波, 荣伟彬, 谢晖

《工程（英文）》 2023年第24卷第5期页码 84-93 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.06.010

摘要：本文介绍了一种基于磁驱动正交悬臂探针（magnetically driven-orthogonal cantilever probes, MD-OCP）的三维原子力显微镜（three-dimensional atomicforce microscopy, 3D-AFM）表征方法，该方法采用两个独立的三自由度纳米扫描器，能够实现探针沿可控矢量角度跟踪扫描样品表面。

关键词：三维原子力显微镜磁驱动正交悬臂探针关键尺寸 360°表征三维形貌重建

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Atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing—A trend in manufacturing development

Fengzhou FANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第4期页码 325-327 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0402-1

摘要：

Manufacturing is the foundation of a nation’s economy. It is the primary industry to promote economic and social development. To accelerate and upgrade China’s manufacturing sector from “precision manufacturing” to “high-performance and high-quality manufacturing”, a new breakthrough should be found in terms of achieving a “leap-frog development”. Unlike conventional manufacturing, the fundamental theory of “Manufacturing 3.0” is beyond the scope of conventional theory; rather, it is based on new principles and theories at the atomic and/or close-to-atomic scale. Obtaining a dominant role at the international level is a strategic move for China’s progress.

关键词： atomic manufacturing Manufacturing 3.0 Manufacturing 2025 Industry 4.0

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从氢原子质子化模型计算H₂⁺的结构参数

陈景

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第11期页码 29-32

摘要：

对氢分子离子提出了氢原子质子化的结构模型，从微观时标和宏观时标分析了H₂⁺中库仑吸引力和两核排斥力的动态平衡，认为氢原子畸变后的电子云在两核中点产生e/8的电荷重心时可以束缚住一个裸质子；据此推导出键长、键能及力常数的计算公式；使用原子单位分别获得R_e=2 au，D_e=0.109 735 au，k=0.109 735 au，与实验测定值及Bishop最精确的计算值惊人地接近。

关键词：氢分子离子键长键能力常数

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Crystallographic orientation effect on cutting-based single atomic layer removal

Wenkun XIE, Fengzhou FANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第15卷第4期页码 631-644 doi: 10.1007/s11465-020-0599-x

摘要： The ever-increasing requirements for the scalable manufacturing of atomic-scale devices emphasize the significance of developing atomic-scale manufacturing technology. The mechanism of a single atomic layer removal in cutting is the key basic theoretical foundation for atomic-scale mechanical cutting. Material anisotropy is among the key decisive factors that could not be neglected in cutting at such a scale. In the present study, the crystallographic orientation effect on the cutting-based single atomic layer removal of monocrystalline copper is investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. When undeformed chip thickness is in the atomic scale, two kinds of single atomic layer removal mechanisms exist in cutting-based single atomic layer removal, namely, dislocation motion and extrusion, due to the differing atomic structures on different crystallographic planes. On close-packed crystallographic plane, the material removal is dominated by the shear stress-driven dislocation motion, whereas on non-close packed crystallographic planes, extrusion-dominated material removal dominates. To obtain an atomic, defect-free processed surface, the cutting needs to be conducted on the close-packed crystallographic planes of monocrystalline copper.

关键词： ACSM single atomic layer removal mechanism crystallographic orientation effect mechanical cutting Manufacturing III